The Order of Combat
*******************

A typical combat encounter is a clash between two
sides, a flurry of weapon swings, feints, parries,
footwork, and spellcasting. The game organizes the
chaos of combat into a cycle of rounds and turns. A
round represents about 6 seconds in the game world.
During a round, each participant in a battle takes a
turn. The order of turns is determined at the beginning
of a combat encounter, when everyone rolls initiative.
Once everyone has taken a turn, the fight continues to
the next round if neither side has defeated the other.

Combat Step by Step
-------------------

1. Determine surprise, The DM determines whether anyone
   involved in the combat encounter is surprised.
2. Establish positions. The DM decides where all the
   characters and monsters are located. Given the
   adventurers’ marching order or their stated positions in
   the room or other location, the DM figures out where the
   adversaries are—how far away and in what direction.
3. Roll initiative. Everyone involved in the combat encounter
   rolls initiative, determining the order ofcombatants’ turns.
4. Take turns. Each participant in the battle takes a turn in
   initiative order.
5. Begin the next round. When everyone involved in the
   combat has had a turn, the round ends. Repeat step 4 until
   the fighting stops.

Surprise
--------

A band of adventurers sneaks up on a bandit camp,
springing from the trees to attack them. A gelatinous
cube glides down a dungeon passage, unnoticed by
the adventurers until the cube engulfs one of them. In
these situations, one side of the battle gains surprise
over the other.

The DM determines who might be surprised. If
neither side tries to be stealthy, they automatically notice
each other. Otherwise, the DM compares the Dexterity
(Stealth) checks of anyone hiding with the passive
Wisdom (Perception) score of each creature on the
opposing side. Any character or monster that doesn’t
notice a threat is surprised at the start of the encounter.

If you’re surprised, you can’t move or take an action
on your first turn of the combat, and you can’t take a
reaction until that turn ends. A member of a group can
be surprised even if the other members aren't.

Initiative
----------

Initiative determines the order of turns during combat.
When combat starts, every participant makes a
Dexterity check to determine their place in the initiative
order. The DM makes one roll for an entire group of
identical creatures, so each member of the group acts at
the same time.

The DM ranks the combatants in order from the one
with the highest Dexterity check total to the one with
the lowest. This is the order (called the initiative order)
in which they act during each round. The initiative order
remains the same from round to round.

If a tie occurs, the DM decides the order among
tied DM—controlled creatures, and the players decide
the order among their tied characters. The DM can
decide the order if the tie is between a monster and a
player character. Optionally, the DM can have the tied
characters and monsters each roll a d20 to determine
the order, highest roll going first.

Your Turn
---------

On your turn, you can move a distance up to your speed

and take one action. You decide whether to move first
or take your action first. Your speedisometimes called
your walking speediis noted on your character sheet.

The most common actions you can take are described
in the “Actions in Combat" section later in this chapter.
Many class features and other abilities provide
additional options for your action.

The “Movement and Position" section later in this
chapter gives the rules for your move.

You can forgo moving, taking an action, or doing
anything at all on your turn. If you can‘t decide what to
do on your turn, consider taking the Dodge or Ready
action, as described in “Actions in Combat."

Bonus Actions
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Various class features, spells, and other abilities let you
take an additional action on your turn called a bonus
action. The Cunning Action feature, for example, allows
a rogue to take a bonus action. You can take a bonus
action only when a special ability, spell. or other feature
of the game states that you can do something as a bonus
action. You otherwise don't have a bonus action to take.

You can take only one bonus action on your turn, so
you must choose which bonus action to use when you
have more than one available.

You choose when to take a bonus action during your
turn, unless the bonus action‘s timing is specified, and
anything that deprives you of your ability to take actions
also prevents you from taking a bonus action.

Other Activity on Your Turn
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Your turn can include a variety of flourishes that require
neither your action nor your move.

You can communicate however you are able, through
brief utterances and gestures, as you take your turn.

You can also interact with one Object or feature of the
environment for free, during either your move or your
action. For example, you could open a door during your
move as you stride toward a foe, or you could draw your
weapon as part of the same action you use to attack.

If you want to interact with a second object, you need
to use your action. Some magic items and other special
objects always require an action to use, as stated
in their descriptions.

The DM might require you to use an action for any
of these activities when it needs special care or when it
presents an unusual obstacle. For instance, the DM
could reasonably expect you to use an action to open a
stuck door or turn a crank to lower a drawbridge.

Reactions
---------

Certain special abilities, spells, and situations allow
you to take a special action called a reaction. A reaction
is an instant response to a trigger of some kind, which
can occur on your turn or on someone else’s. The
opportunity attack, described later in this chapter. is the
most common type Of reaction.

When you take a reaction, you can’t take another one
until the start of your next turn. If the reaction interrupts
another creature’s turn, that creature can continue its
turn right after the reaction.
